Arts and Craft - Wood Art
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Arts and Craft - Wood Art
Woodworking
is the process of building, making or carving something using wood.
History
Along with stone, mud, and animal parts, wood was certainly one of the first materials worked by primitive human beings. Microwear analysis of the Mousterian stone tools used by the Neanderthals show that many were used to work wood. Indeed, the development of civilization was closely tied to the development of increasingly greater degrees of skill in working these materials.
Among early finds of wooden tools are the worked sticks from Kalambo Falls, Clacton-on-Sea and Lehringen. The spears from Schöningen (Germany) provide some of the first examples of wooden hunting gear. Flint tools were used for carving. Since Neolithic times, carved wooden vessels are known, for example from the Linear Pottery culture wells at Kückhofen and Eythra. Examples of Bronze Age wood-carving include trees worked into coffins from northern Germany and Denmark, and wooden folding-chairs. The site of Fellbach-Schmieden in Germany has provided fine examples of wooden animal statues from the Iron Age. Wooden idols from the La Tène period are known from a sanctuary at the source of the Seine in France.
Two ancient civilizations that used woodworking were the Egyptians and the Chinese. Woodworking is depicted in many ancient Egyptian drawings, and a considerable amount of ancient Egyptian furniture (such as stools, chairs, tables, beds, chests) has been preserved in tombs. As well, the inner coffins found in the tombs were also made of wood. The metal used by the Egyptians for woodworking tools was originally copper and eventually, after 2000 BC bronze as ironworking was unknown until much later.[1] Commonly used woodworking tools included axes, adzes, chisels, pull saws, and bow drills. Mortise and tenon joints are attested from the earliest Presynastic period. These joints were strengthened using pegs, dowels and leather or cord lashings. Animal glue came to be used only in the New Kingdom period.[2] Ancient Egyptians invented the art of veneering and used varnishes whose composition is not known as finishes. Although different native acacias were used, as was the wood from the local sycomore and tamarisk trees, deforestation in the Nile valley resulted in the need for importation of wood, notably cedar, but also Aleppo pine, boxwood and oak, starting from the Second Dynasty.
Topics in woodworking
Woodworking is now a general term covering a wide range of skills and techniques.
* carpentry – Originally a carpenter was a wagon maker but
carpentry has come to mean the general working of wood. Sometimes used
to cover all aspects of woodworking, at other times carpentry refers to
the least-skilled level of woodworking and larger projects, such as house
building.
* joinery – Either refers to (mainly in the UK) architectural
woodwork or (mainly in the USA) to the joining of two or more pieces of
wood together, necessary in most woodworking projects. Also used particularly
to refer to the joining of wood without the use of nails, screws, or other
metal fasteners.
* cabinetry, cabinet making, cabinetmaker – The practice of
utilizing many woodworking skills to create cabinets, shelving and furniture;
a craftsman who specializes in the making of fine furniture. Implies a
very high level of skill in woodworking.
* marquetry and parquetry – The practice of creating patterns
by inlaying different wood veneers; with different colours and different
grains complex patterns are formed. Originally used to decorate furniture,
both are now often used to produce pictures. Often regarded as a fine
art form, equal to sculpture and painting. Marquetry is distinguished
from parquetry by the shapes used and formed - marquetry entails the creation
of organic or scenic pictures, while parquetry involves geometric shapes.
* turning – The art of turning a piece of wood on a lathe
and shaping it by holding various cutting tools against it. Segmented
turning is a combination of parquetry and turning.
* wood species – Choosing which type (species) of wood is
correct for a given project.
* Wood carving is a form of working wood by means of a cutting
tool held in the hand (this may be a power tool), resulting in a wooden
figure or figurine (this may be abstract in nature) or in the ornamentation
of a wooden object. The phrase may also refer to the finished product,
from individual sculptures, to hand-worked mouldings composing part of
a tracery.
* boat building – Professionally done by shipwrights.
* luthier – someone who builds or repairs stringed musical
instruments such as guitars or violins.
* wheelwright – A maker of wooden wheels and spokes.
* cooper – A maker of casks and barrels.
* bodger – Now archaic, a wood-turner specializing making
furniture and treen. Also a corruption of "botcher", a colloquial
term for an incompetent workman.
* Patternmaker – a maker of wooden patterns used to create
moulds for sand casting. A highly precise type of woodworking, the patternmaker
must not only make the pattern to exacting standards, but also allow for
metal shrinkage while cooling
Source Wikipedia
